P.Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

P.Management - Essay Example We note that the majority of these expenses are estimations; in this way, some are progressively exact contrasted with others. Executive General Costs These are costs brought about in running an extend and can be followed back to the said venture. Such expenses are charged on the venture on a thing to-thing premise. These incorporate costs, for example, pay rates and wages for faculty entrusted with dealing with the understudy record the executives framework. In addition, costs, for example, incidental advantages for the undertaking directors and other staff ought to be fused in planning for direct expenses. Incidental advantages allude to the advantages payable for protection, retirement or gathering wellbeing strategies taken on low maintenance representatives, brief exploration experts occupied with the advancement of the undertaking and its usage or any chose understudy workers who might be enrolled in the venture the board. Such advantages are, be that as it may, not payable to full time workers as they as of now appreciate the advantages related with borders. Acquisition of extra PCs, printers and scanners, which are basic in the venture, is additionally named an immediate expense to the task. While customary acquisition of these gadgets may not be viewed as an immediate cost, this venture calls for acquisition of exceptionally refreshed models that are impervious to crashes and other gadget issues esteemed typical. Costs associated with preparing staff who will utilize the framework all the time, for example, workers in the fund, organization and records offices, ought to be incorporated when figuring the project’s direct expenses. It is additionally principal to incorporate transportation expenses to the instructional hubs and dinners for students in calculation of direct expenses. Other direct expenses for this task incorporate expenses of keeping up the framework switches, PCs, scanners and printers. In addition, direct expenses incorporate exp enses brought about in keeping up exclusive requirements of security, for example, establishment of security gadgets and security gatekeepers to man the task locales (Milosevic, 2001). Authoritative Overhead or Project Overhead Costs These are expenses of exercises which are helpful to more than one anticipate. Such expenses are very hard to surmised, for example, it is hard to assess how exercises of the leader of the fund division advantage the understudy records the executives framework. A portion of the regulatory overhead costs associated with the running of the learning organizations incorporate lease and utilities, for example, power and water payable by the establishment, lawful and review charges to applicable people or foundations, general school or college security, general phone costs caused by the foundation and pay rates and wages of the institution’s authoritative staff (Milosevic, 2001). In any case, there are sure costs that can be delegated either direct exp enses or authoritative overhead expenses. These incorporate postage and phone charges caused by the task and different incidental office costs engaged with the venture, yet which can't be effortlessly separated from conventional, various costs. Both immediate and certain managerial overhead expenses are summarized while defining the spending plan for this venture (Suhanic, 1999).â . Building up a Time-Phased Budget A period staged spending plan, for example, the cost standard financial plan is generally appropriate for planning in such a task. The gauge financial plan includes the summation of evaluations of expenses of the venture. A period staged financial plan is the way toward deciding when subsidizes should be profited to help the exhibition of the venture; in this way, it requires data

A2 EXCEL DRAFT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A2 EXCEL DRAFT - Assignment Example These figures gave the premise to count of the individual worker income, commitments and advantages just as the FICA conclusions. To give a money saving advantage examination, both the uses brought about by the division and the advantages meant reserve funds must be processed. The work force based uses incorporate the pay rates and wages and Employee benefits contributed by the division. Qualities for these two things are acquired from the 2014 received spending plan. The organization is obliged to make standardized savings commitment of 6.2% and Medicare commitment of 1.45% of the pay rates and wages separately. Furthermore, every worker is given a retirement related advantage of 7.5% of compensations and wages. When these figures are determined, the common costs, once costs and repeating investment funds are determined dependent on the presumptions that the pilot trial will run for a change time of a half year and includes 5 representatives in particular. Also, the investigation will be anticipated for a time of five years after the transitional period. This in the long run gives esteems to introduce estimation of expenses and the current estimation of advantages that are then used to ascertain the net present Value and the Benefit/cost proportion. Basically, the figures utilized for the figurings were gotten from the embraced spending plan for the area for the 2014 money related year. As per the report the human asset office has a staff FTE of 14, determined pay rates and wages of $993,967 and representative advantages adding up to $255,692. These figures are utilized to determine the worker benefits, FICA charge retentions, standardized savings and Medicare commitments. Standardized savings is processed by increasing 6.2% (pace of retaining) by the compensations and wages. Then again the Medicare commitments are determined by duplicating the pay rates and wages by a retention pace of 1.45%. Note that all classifications of derivations (commitments by manager) with the exception of

MeisterTask Listed as a 2017 Best App for Teaching Learning - Focus

MeisterTask Listed as a 2017 Best App for Teaching Learning - Focus We’re super chuffed to share that MeisterTask has been listed as a 2017 Best App for Teaching Learning! Now in its fifth yet, the list of best apps is announced by the American Association of School Librarians (AASL). Through the awards, the AASL pledge to recommend “the best of the best” technology resources for school librarians and teachers. The AASL Committee shared why MeisterTask had made the cut: “MeisterTask is a user-friendly, visual project/task management and collaboration tool, allowing students and teachers to create Project (Kanban) Boards for group tasks. Upon creating a Project, group members can see the tasks that are in progress, as well as those that have been completed. Group members can assign tasks to other members of their group, get notifications as tasks are completed or changed, and/or use widgets such as due tasks or my tasks to see a list of active tasks. For schools using Chromebooks, students and teachers can also use the Chrome extension to easily access their Dashboards. If a school has purchased the mind mapping tool, MindMeister, maps can be exported directly into MeisterTask to create a connected project with task synchronization. MeisterTask is a wonderful, intuitive tool to help streamline collaborative projects, keeping groups organized and on task. Any group project would benefit from this tool. However, specific possible uses in a school library context would be for group inquiry-based research projects, action or social justice projects, or collaborative unit planning among faculty.” Big thanks to the AASL and our users! The list was announced at the American Library Association’s annual conference in Chicago on Saturday 24th June. MeisterTask was announced as a top app for Organization and Management, alongside our friends at IFTTT, Google  Keep  and  Quizizz. “The apps recognized as Best Apps for Teaching Learning are of exceptional value to inquiry-based teaching and learning, as embodied in AASL’s “Standards for the 21st-Century Learner.” Recognized apps foster the qualities of innovation, creativity, active participation, and collaboration and are user-friendly to encourage a community of learners to explore and discover,” the ASSL announced in their press release. At MeisterLabs, we’re all about helping teams to collaborate, creatively and innovatively. As a result, we’re delighted to hear that we’re helping school staff and students to do more of this! Wed like to say a huge thanks to the AASL for including MeisterTask on the list and to any users who nominated MeisterTask  ?? We offer a 50% discount for education users on our MeisterTask Pro plan. To find out more, please contact  [emailprotected]. You might also enjoy reading: 5 Ways to Apply Project Management Methods in Your School Collaboration made simple Discover MeisterTask Its free! Discover MeisterTask

Epiphany Meaning and Examples

An  Epiphany is a term in literary criticism for a sudden realization, a flash of recognition, in which someone or something is seen in a new light. In Stephen Hero (1904), Irish author James Joyce used the term epiphany to describe the moment when the soul of the commonest object . . . seems to us radiant. The object achieves it epiphany. Novelist Joseph Conrad described epiphany as one of those rare moments of awakening in which everything [occurs] in a flash. Epiphanies may be evoked in works of nonfiction as well as in short stories and novels. The word epiphany comes from the Greek for a manifestation or showing forth. In Christian churches, the feast following the twelve days of Christmas (January 6) is called Epiphany because it celebrates the appearance of divinity (the Christ child) to the Wise Men. Examples of Literary Epiphanies Epiphanies are a common storytelling device because part of what makes a good story is a character who grows and changes. A sudden realization can signify a turning point for a character when they finally understand something that the story has been trying to teach them all along. It is often used well at the end of mystery novels when the saluteth finally receives the last clue that makes all the pieces of the puzzle make sense. A good novelist can often lead the readers to such epiphanies along with their characters.   Epiphany in the Short Story "Miss Brill" by Katherine Mansfield In the story of the same name Miss ​B rill discovers such annihilation when her own identity as onlooker and imagined choreographer to the rest of her small world crumbles in the reality of loneliness. The imagined conversations she has with other people become, when overheard in reality, the onset of her destruction. A young couple on her park bench—the hero and the heroine of Miss Brills own fictive drama, just arrived from his fathers yacht . . . —are transformed by reality into two young people who cannot accept the aging woman who sits near them. The boy refers to her as that stupid old thing at the end of the bench and openly expresses the very question that Miss Brill has been trying so desperately to avoid through her Sunday charades in the park: Why does she come here at all--who wants her? Miss Brills epiphany forces her to forgo the usual slice of honeycake at the bakers on her way home, and home, like life, has changed. It is now a little dark room . . . like a cupboard. Both life and home have become suffocating. Miss Brills loneliness is forced upon her in one transformative moment of acknowledgment of reality. (Karla Alwes, Katherine Mansfield. Modern British Women Writers: An A-to-Z Guide, ed. by Vicki K. Janik and Del Ivan Janik. Greenwood, 2002) Harry (Rabbit) Angstrom's Epiphany in Rabbit, Run They reach the tee, a platform of turf beside a hunchbacked fruit tree offering fists of taut ivory-colored buds. Let me go first, Rabbit says. Til you calm down. His heart is hushed, held in mid-beat, by anger. He doesnt care about anything except getting out of this tangle. He wants it to rain. In avoiding looking at Eccles he looks at the ball, which sits high on the tee and already seems free of the ground. Very simply he brings the clubhead around his shoulder into it. The sound has a hollowness, a singleness he hasnt heard before. His arms force his head up and his ball is hung way out, lunarly pale against the beautiful black blue of storm clouds, his grandfathers color stretched dense across the north. It recedes along a line straight as a ruler-edge. Stricken; sphere, star, speck. It hesitates, and Rabbit thinks it will die, but hes fooled, for the ball makes its hesitation the ground of a final leap: with a kind of visible sob takes a last bite of space before vanishing in falling. Thats it! he cries and, turning to Eccles with a grin of aggrandizement, repeats, Thats it. (John Updike, Rabbit, Run. Alfred A. Knopf, 1960) The passage quoted from the first of John Updikes Rabbit novels describes an action in a contest, but it is the intensity of the moment, not its consequences, that [is] important (we never discover whether the hero won that particular hole). . . .In epiphanies, prose fiction comes closest to the verbal intensity of lyric poetry (most modern lyrics are in fact nothing but epiphanies); so epiphanic description is likely to be rich in figures of speech and sound. Updike is a writer prodigally gifted with the power of metaphoric speech. . . . When Rabbit turns to Eccles and cries triumphantly, Thats it! he is answering the ministers question about what is lacking in his marriage. . . . Perhaps in Rabbits cry of Thats it! we also hear an echo of the writers justifiable satisfaction at having revealed, through language, the radiant soul of a well-struck tee shot. (David Lodge, The Art of Fiction. Viking, 1993) Critical Observations on Epiphany It is a literary  critics job to analyze and discuss the ways authors use epiphanies in novels.   The critics function is to find ways of recognizing and judging the epiphanies of literature which, like those of life itself (Joyce borrowed his use of the term epiphany directly from theology), are partial disclosures or revelations, or spiritual matches struck unexpectedly in the dark. (Colin Falck, Myth, Truth, and Literature: Towards a True Post-Modernism, 2nd ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994) The definition Joyce gave of epiphany in Stephen Hero depends on a familiar world of objects of use—a clock one passes every day. The epiphany restores the clock to itself in one act of seeing, of experiencing it for the first time. (Monroe Engel, Uses of Literature. Harvard University Press, 1973)

Why Do Firms Choose Their Capital Structure - 1623 Words

1. Introduction In order to grow, an enterprise needs investments. So they need to start wondering about which securities to acquire and how to finance those investments: with equity, debt or a combination of both (Myers, 2001). The study of capital structure tries to clarify this variety of securities and financing opportunities. In accounting terms, this decision is situated on the right-hand side of the balance sheet (Myers, 2001). In his Capital Structure Puzzle article, Myers (1984) poses the question â€Å"How do firms choose their capital structure?†. But even today, there is no right solution to this question. In the literature, there are three central theoretical models: the tradeoff model, the pecking-order hypothesis, and the agency†¦show more content†¦There is no obligation of an effective repayment to the shareholders and in return, the firm pays out a dividend to cover for the incurred risk. The amount of the dividend depends on the profitability of the firm. If the firm is not capable of paying out a dividend to its shareholders, this does not necessarily lead to bankruptcy. The other option firms have, is to use debt. Creditors invest money in the company, and the company has the obligation to repay an effective payment, with an agreed interest rate and maturity date (Proenà §a, et al., 2014). 2.1. Theories of capital structure The base for the modern capital structure theory comes from Modigliani and Miller (1958). They stated that it is irrelevant for a firm to choose between equity and debt in perfect and frictionless markets (Modigliani Miller, 1958). In those markets there are no taxes, perfect information disclosure of information and no transaction costs connected with the raise of money or going bankrupt (Chen, 2004). 2.1.1. Tradeoff theory Five years after their pioneering research, Modigliani and Miller relaxed the perfect market assumptions and added corporate tax decision to their models. Consequently, they found that an increase in debt levels will raise the value of the firm, because firms who finance their activities with long term debt experience a debt tax shield (Modigliani Miller, 1963). Modigliani and Miller (1963) do not show any evidence for bankruptcy

Conflict Resolution Assignment Free Essays

Finally they do the same job therefore there s a possibility of workplace competition causing conflict. Although the most obvious sign of the conflict is the argument between the colleagues there may have been signs before this. Unfortunately there is not enough background information given about the history, however it could be speculated that someone could have left the role before John and therefore was unhappy in their role and relationships at work. We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict Resolution Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now I would hope as a manager would have been able to identify and resolve this conflict before it got to this stage. However the role might also be new, if this is the case Mike eight be used to working on his own and therefore might feel he does not need any help. This could have included a meeting that turns into a stand- off or angry emails to each other. However due to Mikes personality the conflict could have been harder to discover – for example, Mike have withdrawn from contact with John however from John perspective this is normal behavior from Mike. Any change from normal behavior could be a sign of conflict or an issue therefore would consider this as a sign. Sign of conflict ;When John finally appears, Mike tells him he’s not going to cover for IM anymore and there is an argument. The cost of this conflict might already be taking place through a loss of productively, motivation and them not willing to work for each other. John stating ‘Just do your Job’ could be a sign this is already hipping. Dealing with employee conflict in a timely manner is important to maintaining a healthy work environment preventing the situation getting worse resulting in staff sickness or even one member of staff leaving. By spotting signs of conflict early, you have a better chance of identifying the cause, reaching an agreement, resolving the conflict. It is important to deal with the situation rather than the person, be a calming presence and that you try to build mutual respect and understanding between Mike and John. Being courteous to each of them and remain constructive. Sometimes it might be better to speak to them individually to get the facts before exploring the options together and negotiate how they are to work together. Through this process active listening is important to understand both Johns and Mikes position as well as them understanding each others. My role would be to Restate, paraphrase, summarize. This verbal approach is called the â€Å"Interest-Based Relational (FIR) Approach†. This will be particularly important in John and Mike’s situation because it respects individual differences and focuses on the mutual problem rather than the person. It is important look at the circumstances, and think about the style that may be appropriate. Then use a process to resolve the conflict. The Thomas-Killing Conflict Resolution model could be used to do this. It is important understand a person’s natural style. From the information in the narrative John is likely to take a competing approach this is assertive and uncooperative an individual pursues his own concerns at the other person’s expense. This approach is unlikely to be effective for John to use because it is a power-oriented mode where John holds no rank. However it is an approach that could take as a middle manager with supervision responsibilities. This is not an approach I would initially take, but could do if other methods fail. The other approach could be to be accommodating, the individual neglects his own concerns to satisfy the concerns of the other person. If any of the party did this it is not likely to resolve the issue. The accommodating party might feel the situation has not been dealt with and the conflict still remain. Mike had been Avoiding the issue for a while which had caused anger to build up and the argument to erupt. If took the same approach due to the differences in value and personalities they are not likely to resolve the issue themselves and the problem is not likely to go away. A more appropriate approach might be to collaborate to work with others to find a solution that fully satisfies their concerns. For example Fijian arrives late John might agree to stay on later. The final option could be to compromise. For example an agreement might be made where John arriving 5 minutes late is not an issue, but John might agree not to arrive 20 minutes late. Thus finding a middle ground. Having an open discussion with Mike and John might help identify other problems that need to be resolved, but also promote understanding and motivate them to work more efficiently. It is important to keep a close eye on the situation including having formal one to one meetings, receiving feedback from other employees, but also ensuing they value each other’s difference to the extent they can work with each other threaten to improve the work environment and the performance of the business. How to cite Conflict Resolution Assignment, Papers

Management Techniques For The Red

Management Techniques For The Red-Cockaded Woodpec Essay ker On Federal LandsSean FraserNRM 304ABSTRACTThe red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) has been listed as an endangeredspecies since October, 1970. This species inhabits pine forests in thesoutheastern United States where the majority of prime timberland is privatelyowned. Private ownership of preferred habitat and historically destructivesilvicultural practices create unique problems for federal wildlife managers. This report analyzes three management techniques being used to assess andaugment red-cockaded woodpecker populations on federal lands in the region,primarily military installations. Seeking cooperation between diversegovernment agencies, wildlife managers attempt to accurately assess speciesabundance, alter woodpecker nesting cavities, and construct nest sites in aneffort to enhance red-cockaded woodpecker habitat on limited federal holdings inthe American southeast. Key words: Picoides borealis, Global Positioning System, Geographic InformationSystem, cavity trees, cavity restrictorsThe red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) is an endangered speciesthat inhabits pine forests in an historical range from Texas to the Atlanticcoast (Jackson, 1986; Reed et al., 1988). Picoides borealis nest in clans orfamily groups that usually consist of one breeding pair and 2 non-breeding malehelpers (Jackson, 1986 ). This group establishes and defends a territory thatincludes foraging habitat and nesting cavity trees (Copeyon et al., 1991;Jackson et al., 1986; Rossell and Gorsira, 1996). Red-cockaded woodpeckerclans excavate cavities in living pines, and have established a living andforaging routine in conjunction with the southeastern pine forests and thehistorical occurrence of fire, which reduces hardwood understory while sparingfire-resistant pines (Jackson, 1986). Much of the prime nesting and foraginghabitat for this species has been systematically el iminated due to development,timber harvest and intensive fire suppression (Jackson, 1986). The emergenceof dense hardwood understory and midstory as a result of fire suppression inred-cockaded woodpecker habitat has resulted in the abandonment of manyotherwise undisturbed areas (Jackson, 1986; Kelly et al., 1993). The red-cockaded woodpecker has been listed as endangered since 1970(Federal Register, 1970 as cited by Ertep and Lee, 1994). Four requirementsfor sustained red-cockaded woodpecker populations that are lacking in thespecies historical range are identified as critical to species stabilization andrecovery: 1.) Open pine forests with shade tolerant understory controlled bycyclical fire seasons; 2.) Old growth Pinus palustrus aged 95 years and Pinustaeda aged 75 years; 3.) Approximately 200 acres for nesting group or clan;4.) Multiple clans per area to maintain genetic stability and variability(Jackson, 1986). The opportunity to establish or preserve these habitatqualities on private timberland is largely lost due to historical harvestpractices and development, and research on expanding populations on federalholdings is the most vital component in red-cockaded woodpecker stabilizationand recovery (Jackson et al., 1979a; Jackson, 1986). Exacerbating the problemof habitat loss due to enc roachment and fire-suppression are natural hazardssuch as hurricanes, pine-beetle infestations and usurpation of red-cockadedwoodpecker cavities by other species (Carter et al., 1989; Rossell and Gorsira,1996). Effects of historically natural hazards are multiplied in the contextof a diminished species abundance (Carter et al., 1989; Jackson, 1986). Land management for wildlife is subject to unique difficulties in theSoutheast, as the majority of forested land is privately owned (Jackson, 1986). In western states, approximately 2/3 of undeveloped land is federallyadministered, making the enactment of widespread management policies feasible,and controversies are apt to center around questions of access and use, ratherthan the more difficult problems concerned with private property rights. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis report will focus on the current techniques being explored andenacted to stabilize and increase red-cockaded woodpecker populations on federallands throughout its previous range. Three areas of concern regarding the red-cockaded woodpecker populations on federal lands interact to define currentmanagement practices (Jackson, 1986). Wildlife biologists, foresters, and themilitary have tested and combined specific techniques involving habitatassessment and identification, cavity alteration, and cavity construction tomanage limited habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker on federally administeredland (Carter et al., 1989; Copeyon, 1990; Ertep and Lee, 1994). Analysisof specific studies and practices in these three areas serve as a description ofthe technique for managing limited federal lands for the enhancement andstabilization of red-cockaded woodpecker populations. DISCUSSIONHABITAT ASSESSMENT AND IDENTIFICATIONA significant problem associated with the management of red-cockadedwoodpecker populations is obtaining an accurate assessment of habitatavailability and home range estimates (Ertep and Lee, 1994; Reed et al.,1988). Differences in habitat quality and availability throughout the range ofthe red-cockaded woodpecker affect population density and the range of foragingand nesting activities within colonies, making general application of populationestimators difficult (Reed et al., 1988). This issue was addressed in 1988during a study to evaluate red-cockaded woodpecker population indices. Reed etal. (1988) set out to evaluate studies concerning red-cockaded woodpeckerpopulation indices and, if necessary, develop a new techniques to moreaccurately estimate adult population size. Reed at al. (1988) researched thecircular scale technique (CST) as described by Harlow et al. (1983) and foundthat application of this method of population estimation is limited. CSTutilizes aerial identification of active cavity tree groups, and encompassessaid groups in a 460-m diameter circle that contains as many of the activecavity trees as possible (Harlow et al., 1983 as cited by Reed et al., 1988). A soldiers Tale EssayPerhaps the most comprehensive study concerning artificial cavity constructionfor the benefit of the red-cockaded woodpecker was conducted by Copeyon, Waltersand Carter as part of a ten year study of red-cockaded woodpecker populations inthe Sandhills region of North Carolina (1991). Their work, Induction of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Group Formation by Artificial Cavity Construction, (Copeyonet al., 1991) represents the most practical and valuable guide to red-cockadedwoodpecker population enhancement techniques to date (Conner and Rudolph, 1995). In 1990, Carole Copeyon published an article describing a technique forconstructing artificial cavities for red-cockaded woodpeckers. Explaining thatexcavation of suitable living cavities takes a minimum of ten months andnormally much longer to complete, Copeyon (1990) surmised that construction ofartificial cavities may be an effective management tool that would encouragecolonization of abandoned areas and reduce energy expenditure associated withnesting cavity construction. After making the decision to use artificial nesting cavities as amanagement tool, wildlife managers should attempt to select older trees in theirrespective areas of responsibility (Copeyon, 1990; Copeyon et al., 1991). Selection of older trees mimics the natural inclination of the red cockadedwoodpecker and that older trees have sufficient heartwood development to supportlarge nesting and roosting cavities without sustaining damage (Copeyon, 1990). As indicated previously, red-cockaded woodpeckers generally select trees between80 and 100 years old depending on species availability. Copeyon (1990) revealsthat an adequate artificial nesting cavity requires an entrance approximately4.4cm.-6.4cm. in diameter placed at 1-24 meters above ground level. An entrancetunnel should be excavated into the heartwood with the nesting chamber extendingdown at a right angle to the entrance tunnel to a depth between 20.3 and 27.3cm. (Figure 2) (Copeyon, 1990). Small resin wells are drilled around the treeabove and below the entrance site (Copeyon 1990; Rossell and Gorsira, 1996). Seepage from these wells act to discourage competitors and predators (Copeyon,1990). The results of Copeyons initial study concerning red-cockadedwoodpecker cavity construction are contained in (Table 2). TABLE 1. Use ofartificial cavities by red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) in theSandhills region of North Carolina (Copeyon, 1990). SpeciesAge #Constructed#Active LongleafOld2925Moderate74Young22Total3831LoblollyOld43Young21Total64Cavity construction for red-cockaded woodpecker management is aneffective tool for inducing the formation of new colonies in the specieshistorical range, and may prove to increase reproductive success in alreadyestablished colonies (Copeyon et al., 1991). RESULTSFurther research is necessary to establish the impact of management forthe red-cokaded woodpecker on other species (Masters et al., 1996). Initialstudies indicate that management practices involving the clearance of hardwoodunderstory and the initiation of prescribed burns in red-cockaded woodpeckerhabitat increase forage for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (Masterset al., 1996). Studies continue to examine concerns about possible negativeeffects of single species management practices in association with red-cockadedwoodpecker recovery effort (Masters et al., 1996). In the 25 years since theidentification of the red-cockaded woodpecker as an endangered species,establishing a unified recovery program among the diverse federal agenciesresponsible for the administration of lands within the species range has beendifficult (Jackson, 1986). In the first 15 years of listing, no programsexisted to effectively manage habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker. Jackson(1986) des cribed the situation as especially urgent, as the red-cockadedwoodpecker was becoming dependent on widely dispersed islands of habitat,isolating colonies and creating the potential for catastrophic losses due tonatural occurrences and inter-species competition for roosting and nesting sites. Since 1986, research into habitat requirements for successful red-cockadedwoodpecker colonies have been identified (Copeyon et al., 1991; Jackson, 1986). Improvements in identifying suitable habitat, altering existing cavities todecrease competition for roosting and nesting sites, and initiating formation ofred-cockaded woodpecker colonies through construction of artificial cavitieshave been synthesized into a specific technique of managing federal lands forthe red-cockaded woodpecker (Copeyon et al., 1991; Ertep and Lee, 1994;Rossell and Gorsira, 1996). Category: Social Issues